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Topics Men At Arms , Books , Military , History Collection opensource Language English. plus-circle Add Review. There are no reviews yet. Be the first one to write a review. download 50 files. download 1 file. download 38 files. download Files download 55 Original. In M16A1s began to be delivered to National Guard units and issue continued through In summer M16A1s began to be issued to US troops dedicated to NATO. In October an order for , rifles was awarded to Colt as the decision was made to issue the M16A1 to Army and Marine forces worldwide. Beginning in all M16s were produced with chrome-lined bores and chambers. M16A1 issue to Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos, Indonesia, and Jordan continued or was initiated and deliveries continued through Also in the National Board for the Promotion of Rifle Practice allowed M16s and ARs to compete in National Matches, the military-wide annual competition.
The M16A1 was a much-upgraded XM16E1 and outwardly looked little different from the early model. Important, but less apparent, was the fact that Colt switched from aircraft-grade aluminum alloy for the receiver to in as it was less affected by humid climates and sweaty hands, and this remains in use. It must be pointed out that the improved parts can be found in both XM16E1s and M16A1s with a myriad of changes made between and There were periods where mixes of both old and new parts in any combination could be found in factory weapons. Mixes of parts were also found in weapons in the field as parts were replaced either during unit repairs or depot rebuilds. com carrier and bolt were chromed, between and both chromed and Parkerized bolts and carriers were fitted, and after all were Parkerized. Smaller parts were improved to include: firing pin, firing pin retaining pin, selector lever and pins, disconnector, and lower receiver extensions.
From to —68 barrels lacked chrome bores and chambers, and from to —71 the chamber alone was chromed. Barrels with chromed bores and chambers were produced from In a butt storage compartment for cleaning gear was provided, along with a more rigid butt filler material. Submersion to ft did not damage the weapon. Besides the early problem-riddled XM16E1, the most widely used version was the M16A1 — the standard rifle for most US and Free World forces. Although little used by this time, they were handy for stable firing.
He carries a 2oz bottle of lubricant, small arms LSA , especially formulated for the M16, conveniently in his helmet band. The platoon leader left carries an XME2 submachine gun. Owing to a surplus of the weapons because of the drawdown of Special Forces covert reconnaissance units, the 1st Cavalry Division Airmobile was issued them for company officers, where it was generally called the CAR or Colt Commando. Most soldiers removed their slings as they made noise, snagged on vegetation, and the rifle needed to be carried at the ready. This officer has attached his sling without using the sling swivels, a popular manner that was quieter. The 40mm under-barrel M grenade launcher, first field-tested in and standardized in August , was in widespread use by Here, though, the grenadier right is armed with the less effective Coltdesigned XM grenade launcher, which was plagued by parts breakage and poor sights, and was difficult to cock.
Grenadiers generally carried less rifle ammunition than other troops as their primary weapon was the grenade launcher. Besides the four-magazine belt pouches, most riflemen carried one or two bandoliers with seven magazines each. Many did not use pouches at all. com A Combat Control Team CCT member participates in a training exercise at Hurlburt Field, Florida, home of the 1st Special Operations Wing. USAF Models and , respectively in January Initial issue was completed in March. In April the new version with a barrel 1. This reduced muzzle blast and flash, and allowed an XM grenade launcher to be attached. The XME2 was issued to Special Forces reconnaissance projects, Mobile Strike Forces, and other special units to include the SEALs.
Later, some infantry company-level officers, tracker dog teams, and Ranger long-range patrol companies in Vietnam received XME2s, which by no means entirely replaced M16A1s. XME2 production ceased in com 31 XME2 submachine gun characteristics Caliber 32 5. The Air Force made piecemeal upgrades to the GAU-5s and with the advent of the M ball in the s they received The XM series were more than just M16s with shortened barrels and telescoping stocks. Muzzle blast and flash, recoil, control, and noise levels were increased. A special muzzle modulator was developed to overcome some of these problems and also served as a counterbalance, as the shortened weapon was unbalanced. The modulator was a 4.
Internal cast chambers branched off the bore to bleed off gas in order to reduce the muzzle blast and noise level. It did serve to reduce the firing noise level, but only to that of the M16A1 rifle. Since the internal chambers were impossible to clean, with use its sound reduction capabilities gradually deteriorated. It also slightly reduced accuracy, which was already degraded by the short barrel, lower velocity, and shorter sight radius distance between front and rear sights. The barrel was The triangular handguard was abandoned for a shorter round one. Rather than different right and left handguards, the XM series used interchangeable upper and lower handguards, which influenced the future M16A2. The telescoping stock contained a shorter recoil buffer. There was a sling swivel on the front sight frame, but no bayonet lug, and it could not launch rifle grenades.
There was a slot atop the rear end of the butt for the sling and the butt locking latch was on its lower forward end. The submachine guns were supposed to be issued with seven round magazines, but development difficulties were met and very few were issued. com 40mm grenade launchers The ability to attach 40mm grenade launchers to the M16 is an M16A4 Modular Weapon System with Picatinny rails. The M, important addition to squad capabilities and is said to represent MA1, and MA2 barrels are 12in long and weigh 3lb. The 40mm M79 shoulder-fired often reported that the MA1 has a 9in barrel. It does not; the grenade launcher was standardized in , and through the 9in barrel assembly is a special shortened barrel provided in the Vietnam War, where it became an iconic weapon, the Army issued M4A1 SOPMOD kit for Special Operations Forces requiring a less two per rifle squad and the Marines one.
targets; the range is slightly shorter for the 9in SOPMOD M The first result was the Colt-designed XM of Rate of fire is 5—7rpm. and limited shaped-charge effect , buckshot, flechette, tear gas, Additionally, the sight was defective, the trigger mechanism various crowd dispersal munitions, and a wide range of colored complex and easily broken, and an excessive 30lb force was smoke and pyrotechnic signal rounds. necessary to cock it. Some units requested re-issue of the M The M will eventually be replaced by the 40mm M The design of the XM Grenade Launcher Attachment Grenade Launcher Module GLM , adopted in and issued in Development GLAD was begun in by AAI Corporation and in mid It weighs 3. It can be used as a standalone launcher Infantry and st Airborne Divisions, and the 11th Armored by adding a 1lb telescoping butt.
Ranges and rates of fire are Cavalry Regiment, for combat testing. It was standardized in the same as the M, but it handles better and has a greatly August The barrel pivots to the left to allow longer withdrawn in August With the advent of the M the Army special purpose rounds to be loaded. retained two grenade launchers per squad, but the Marines assigned three, which remains the standard allocation. A modified version, tactical rail. The MA2 is mounted on the 40 years. com BEYOND VIETNAM These Malaysian marines are armed with a mix of M16A1 rifles and Austrian 5. The M16A1 is widely used in Asian countries. US Navy With the fall of South Vietnam in April , over , Mtype weapons fell into communist hands. They appeared worldwide in communist-sponsored insurgencies and terrorist groups throughout the s. Military production of M16A1s dropped off drastically after the Vietnam War.
Purchases were made by countries like Chile, Ghana, Nicaragua, and Zaire, but these were only a few thousand apiece and Colt fell on hard times. However, Thailand was provided with 64, M16A1s in In mid the Korean Daewoo Precision Industries M16A1 plant became operational. Singapore had begun producing its version of the M16A1, the M16S1, in It was also sold to the Philippines and Thailand. Elisco Tool in the Philippines also produces the M16A1 as the MP. US production did pick up somewhat in —77 as the Army rebuilt after Vietnam. The new round magazines were in general use by the mids. Taiwan has produced an M16 variant called the Type 65 since It was not until March that the Army stated a need for a 5. The Marines tested the M16 heavy barrel automatic rifle HBAR as a possible squad automatic, but dropped the project in as it overheated and was unable to maintain sustained fire.
In the Army continued to search for a squad automatic weapon. com contender was the 5. It would be standardized in February by both the Army and Marines. Besides being belt-fed, it could accept an M16 magazine. Issue would be slow and production of the XME1 was suspended in owing to design problems; production resumed the next year. Many units did not receive the 5. It was type-classified the M SAW in Finally, the squad had a squad automatic weapon for the first time since the mids. A splinter variant of the M16A1, developed by Rock Island Arsenal, Illinois, was adopted in as the M firing port weapon. It had 65 percent parts commonality with its parent, but was somewhat different internally. These were mounted in Bradley infantry fighting vehicle firing ports two on each side and the rear; now only the two rear FPWs remain. Originally they were to be issued with a telescoping wire stock for emergency off-vehicle use, but the stocks were deleted.
Handheld, it was too difficult to aim, other than just for spraying bullets, and suffered from severe muzzle climb, while the threaded mounting adapter overheated to burn unprotected hands, and its noise was above safe levels. The s saw an increase in production as the US armed forces were enlarged in light of the Soviet threat and M16s were offered to many friendly countries. In NATO adopted the Belgian-designed 5. Other requirements were added to what was then known as the M16A1 PIP Product Improvement Program : heavier barrel; improved handguard, butt and pistol grip; improved sights; the capability for left-handed shooters to fire safely; and other minor improvements.
This formally became known as the M16A1E1 in In October NATO standardized magazines for 5. These are basically M16 magazines and may be made of metal, polyurethane, or other suitable materials. There is no specified M firing port weapon characteristics Caliber 5. The STANAG is only a dimensional and magazine latch design requirement. They may be , , or round box magazines or or round drum magazines. While the weapons in which they are used may differ greatly in design, the magazines are interchangeable. In mid the Marines renewed the effort as the Army was procrastinating. Colt was still producing M16A1s through extensions on the contract. Many M16A1s were wearing out and numerous improvements had been proposed for a new model, especially since a new rifling twist was required to accommodate the new NATO ammunition. Colt experienced a slump with reduced orders, labor disputes, and lawsuits through the s.
In November , 50 M16A1E1s were delivered for testing, which was successful. These issues were resolved prior to series production. The first M16A2s were issued to the Marine Marksmanship Training Unit in January There were complaints that the three-round burst mechanism caused inconsistent trigger pull on semi-automatic fire. In early the M16A2 Enhanced Rifle program was initiated and redesignated the M16A2E1. This allowed night vision and optical sights to be fitted to receiver-top tactical rails. com C7 rifle and C8 carbine Colt Models and They retained the full-automatic capability and M16A1-type rear sight and butt. They are used by Canada, Denmark, the Netherlands, and Norway. The later C7A1 and C7A2 adjustable butt , and C8A1 carbine had optical sights and rails before the US adopted Picatinny rails replacing the carrying handle. During the Army ordered M16A2E1s for testing, but had yet to purchase M16A2s for troop issue.
FN Manufacturing Incorporated FNMI in Columbia, South Carolina, had been manufacturing the 7. In September the Army awarded a massive contract to FN to produce the M16A2 rifle. Colt strongly protested the award, but the protest was denied by the General Services Administration in January Colt continued to produce M16A1s for foreign military sales as well as the M, and also spare parts as the M16A1 remained in service into the s. In late Air Force and Coast Guard M16s and M16A1s began to be upgraded to M16A2 standards. More were converted periodically through The Army and Marines acquired new M16A2s rather than upgrading M16A1s. The upgrade kit consisted of an entirely new upper receiver with barrel, round handguard, gas tube and sights , butt, pistol grip, and firing mechanism to allow burst fire. The only difference between new M16A2s and the upgrade kit-modified M16A1s was that the latter lacked the reinforced pivot pin and reinforced lower receiver extensions.
The lower receiver was remarked by stamping, with AUTO changed to BURST and A1 to A2. The M16A2 rifle was a distinct upgrade from the M16A1 incorporating many improvements, some developed by Colt in the s. The barrel was US Marines at Camp Lemonnier, Djibouti, the only US military base in Africa, conduct practice firing with an M4 carbine and M16A2 rifle, Note the detachable carrying handle on the M4 while the M16A2 has an integral carrying handle. com provided with a 1-in-7in twist to accommodate the new ammunition and the portion of the barrel forward of the handguard was thicker. This proved necessary as M16A1 barrels were occasionally bent, ever so slightly, during parachute landings and other falls. It had the benefit of reducing overheating and improving accuracy.
The new front sight was a square post and adjustable for elevation while the fully adjustable rear sight could be dialed for ranges between and m. The round handguard had upper and lower pieces and both were interchangeable, and had removable improved heat shields. The plunger of the forward assist was changed from oval to round. The pistol grip was better contoured and checkered for a more positive grip, and it had a closed bottom. The butt was 0. An integral spent case deflector was behind the ejection port allowing safe lefthand firing. A major change was in the selective fire capability.
The selector was marked SAFE, SEMI, and BURST. Burst fire allowed three-round bursts rather than unrestricted full-automatic fire. It had been found that some soldiers tended to fire too-long automatic bursts, wasting ammunition. Testing showed that the three-shot burst better conserved ammunition and improved accuracy. There was a design flaw, however. If the trigger was released before the three rounds cycled Operation Just Cause, Panama opposite During Operation Just Cause 1st Platoon, Fleet Antiterrorist Security Team FAST Company, Marine Security Force Battalion, Atlantic, helped clear Arraiján District around Howland Air Force Base outside of Panama City.
The unit was trained and equipped as a SWAT-type unit and its skills were invaluable for clearing buildings. The M16A2 rifle began to be issued by the Marines in the mids and offered many improvements over the M16A1. Most Army infantry units in Panama also had the M16A2. M16s, even with a scope, lacked the long-range accuracy, impact force, and penetration of the M21 owing to the 5. The special-procurement Colt Model had the appearance of an M16, but internally the 9mm weapon was very different — blowback-operated rather than having a direct impingement gas-operated system; it had a It used a round magazine based on the Uzi design and a fixed magazine adapter in the magazine well. FAST Marines used commercially made SWAT web gear and magazine pouches. com M16A2, M16A3, and M16A4 rifle characteristics Caliber 5. The Marine in the foreground has fully exposed RAS tactical rails on both sides, top, and bottom of his handguard.
The Marine beyond him has a partial cover on his side handguard and a full-length one on the top. USMC through it would interrupt the burst and would not reset. For example, if only two rounds were fired and the trigger released, then when the trigger was squeezed again it would fire only one round, not a three-round burst. The mechanism was also accused of affecting semi-automatic accuracy owing to erratic trigger-pull with as much as 6lb variance. The M16A2 weighed 1. There were complaints too that the smaller short-range rear sight aperture was too small and the larger long-range aperture too large. com causing the bullet impact point to change slightly.
Most soldiers simply left the rear sight on the lowest range setting m since few engagements occurred beyond this range, although longer ranges are frequently demanded in Afghanistan. Many feel that a shorter range setting should be available owing to typical engagement ranges. The SEALs began to receive it in Only 7, FNmade M16A3s were initially procured by the Navy. M16A3s later replaced the M14 as shipboard rifles. The transition was completed in with only two M14s remaining aboard as line-throwing rifles. Additional M16A3 production has since been undertaken by both FN and Colt. The M16A2E2 was a contender for the canceled Advanced Combat Rifle. Colt went into bankruptcy in and after streamlining its operations emerged from bankruptcy in The Marines adopted it in The Army began issuing it in January , soon followed by the Marines. They did not begin issuing M16A4s in large numbers until just prior to the Iraq invasion. It is produced by Colt and FN and weighs 1. Fixed atop the receiver was a Picatinny rail allowing optical and night vision sights to be fitted.
In , a specification for the M16A4 was issued that removed the carrying handle — it would no longer be issued with the M16A4. A back-up rear iron sight BUIS could be attached to the rail in event of a failed or damaged optical sight. Troops were not necessarily issued BUISs, and some deployed troops have purchased them from commercial sources. In the Marines were considering a four- or sixposition collapsible butt for the M16A4, but this project was dropped with wider issue of the M4. It provides a red dot in the sight, replacing the rear iron ring sight, which is aligned with the front sight. com 41 The Picatinny rail The idea of providing mounting rails on weapons to accommodate optical and night vision sights and other accessories originated with Reed Knight, Jr, president of Knight Armament Corporation KAC , when he saw special forces troops during the Panama intervention with small flashlights taped to their weapons.
There had to be a better way to mount such devices. KAC developed two systems, the Rail Interface System RIS and Rail Adapter System RAS. The first systems were envisioned as mounting only optical and night vision sights and the rails were fitted atop weapons. The idea of the long rail mount was to allow any kind of sight to be fitted through the use of a standard integral mount. The mounts were carbine at Davis-Monthan Air Force Base, USAF desired by the shooter. Slip-on polymer covers were available to slide over unused rails to Final development and testing was undertaken at Picatinny provide a better grip and protect against inducted firing heat. The XM4 for M4 and XM5 for agreement. A wide variety of sights and accessories can be M16A4 were developed in based on the KAC RAS. grenade launchers, and M26 breaching shotguns. This was a spinoff from the M4 program. The MWS handguard has Picatinny tactical rails on the top, bottom, and sides to allow sights, flashlights, hand grips, 40mm grenade launchers, and other accessories to be solidly fitted.
There were no differences between the dimensions of the M16A2 rifle and the M16A4 MWS rifle. THE M4 AND M4A1 CARBINES 42 In the early s interest was revived in the idea of a short version of the M In September the M16A2 carbine program was established and, following the sequence of the. The new Colt-developed weapon would be designated a carbine with a In the middle of XM4 carbines were ordered for testing, which continued into the next year. com M4 and M4A1 carbine characteristics Caliber 5. In April the Marines standardized the M4, but Congress rejected its inclusion in the budget. The project was inactive until the late s. Special forces wanted a full-automatic capability so a second version was developed as the M4E1.
It became the M4A1. All M4s and M4A1s were made by Colt, but the Army acquired the rights and technical data package for the M4 from Colt, making it possible to contract other producers under special circumstances, but the M4 Amendment again restricted its production to Colt. The Army originally intended for the M4 to replace many M9 pistols and certain M16s in combat units among officers, weapons crewmen, radio operators, etc. It would also finally replace M3A1 grease guns as on-vehicle equipment aboard tanks. The small bipod legs can be retracted into the fore grip.
It also is fitted with the Sloping Cheekweld Buttstock developed by Naval Weapons Center, Crane Division. com ABOVE An early-production M4 with integral carrying handle carried by a contracted police instructor in Afghanistan, Ken Haney ABOVE RIGHT This close-up highlights the details of the new type of rear sight. The round plunger on the FAD can be seen — it replaced the teardrop-shaped plunger. The large lug projecting from the rear of the ejection port is the cartridge case deflector. Another consideration for lefthanded shooters was the addition of a tick mark on the right side end of the selector lever pin and the markings for SAFE, SEMI, and BURST allowing them to see the selector setting from the right side.
Ken Haney 44 weapons. The Marines planned to assign M4s to officers below colonel, senior NCOs, small-unit leaders, and medical corpsmen. The Marines conducted tests throughout to determine if the M16A4 or the M4A1 would better serve as an infantry weapon. The Marines initially decided that the M16A4 would arm infantrymen and the M4A1 would equip reconnaissance and special units. The Army began arming Stryker infantry units eight-wheel infantry carriers , light infantry, airborne, air assault, and Rangers with M4s in about Other troops retained the M16A2s and A4s. In late the Air Force began replacing its M16s, M16A2s, and GAU-5 XM weapons with M4s fitted with M68 optical sights. By infantry units were being equipped solely with the M4, especially those deploying to Iraq and Afghanistan.
The XM4 was to be compatible with the new M ammunition as well as the older M It had As can be seen the M4 carbine bottom with a com to be able to mount an M grenade launcher. The MA1 for the M4 was designed in Both the M4 and M4A1 had flat-top rail receivers and detachable carrying handles. The XM4 and the first lot of M4s had fixed carrying handles, though. To accommodate the detachable carrying handle the front sight post had to be heightened. The weapon also had an extended feed ramp. A telescoping butt stock was provided with four positions: closed, half open, three-quarters open, and fully open. Some units received an improved butt developed by Naval Weapons Center, Crane Division, known as the Sloping Cheekweld Buttstock, and it was issued in some SOPMOD kits. Other units have purchased various commercially made SOPMOD M4A1 Block 1 accessory kit Development of the Special Operations Peculiar Modification kit began in to provide special forces units with a wide range of accessories and devices to tailor M4A1 carbines for mission and situational requirements.
It was adopted in and each set supported four M4A1s. Many of the components are non-developmental and commercial off-the-shelf items. As improved items are developed many units purchase these and replace lost or damaged items or substitute them with new devices. Items are often cannibalized between kits. A goal is to provide items requiring either no batteries or standard batteries only. SOPMOD Block III will have accessories compatible with the M4A1 carbine and the FN 5. com butts. The front sling swivel was on the left side of the front sight, with a bayonet lug below, and the rear swivel was on the upper end of the butt with an alternate slot below the recoil buffer tube. The short handguard was prone to overheating so a two-layer heat shield was provided. The M4E2 Colt Model had the M4 rail system fitted and this was incorporated into later production M4A1s. Complaints from Iraq, and to a lesser extent Afghanistan, called for a more compact weapon to improve maneuverability in buildings, on rough terrain, and for mounted troops in Bradleys, Strykers, Humvees, and Mine Resistant Ambush Protected MRAP vehicles as well as in helicopters and watercraft; the compact size would also be useful in parachute operations.
Some troops were picking up folding-stock AKs as a more convenient weapon and to achieve better penetration. The shorter gas tube resulted in harder wear on parts and the muzzle blast was louder. In late the Marines began exercises to test the suitability of the M4 being issued Corps-wide. From some special forces units were provided with some heavy barrels as replacements for M4A1 light barrels. Major fielding of the M16A4 and M4 with tactical rails commenced in Mk 12 SPECIAL PURPOSE RIFLE 46 The special purpose rifle SPR concept began to be developed in having been proposed by Mark Westrom at Rock Island Arsenal later ArmaLite president.
The developmental history of the Mk 12 is foggy with work done on various developmental variants by Rock Island and Naval Weapons Center, Crane along with civilian corporation contributions. At some point it was decided to provide a complete system with a lower receiver. Lower receivers were fitted with a KAC two-stage trigger for improved trigger pull allowing match-quality semi-automatic fire as well as the ability to lay down full-automatic suppression in an emergency. com The Mk 12 Mod 1 special purpose rifle, the Mod 1 being developed by Naval Weapons Center, Crane Division. The Mod 0 was developed by Rock Island Arsenal. It is fitted with a Crane Sloping Cheekweld Buttstock. The telescope is a 3. The 18in matchgrade barrels were stainless steel with a 1-in-7in twist and a special flash suppressor. A variety of special handguards were found with different tactical rail configurations and a small forward-folding, adjustable bipod on the forward end.
Handguards were the free-floating type that did not come into direct contact with the barrel, to reduce heat effects, vibrations, and pressure. The familiar triangular M16 front sight frame was replaced by a variety of flip-up sights. Common telescopes mounted on long receiver-top rails included the 3. The weapon used Mk match ammunition with a heavier bullet than standard ball rounds. The Mk 12 is issued with round magazines to better accommodate prone firing. The Mk 12 Mod 0 is used by Army Special Forces and the Mod 1 by SEALs and Army Rangers. Reports indicate that many users preferred the Mod 0 owing to better ergonomics, but many SEALs were disappointed with the SPR, preferring a 16in barrel carbine rather than a militarized match rifle.
ABOVE The Mk 12 Mod 1. Space does not allow a detailed examination of the many accessories, but a short overview is provided here. The M1 sling was an olive drab nylon web sling with metal hardware. Later a lighter-weight black sling with metal hardware was issued with the M16A2. Since the late s a number of styles of black tactical or assault slings have been available with nylon plastic fittings. These threepoint slings allow the rifle to be suspended from the shoulder or around the neck and the weapon carried in a ready mode. The Vietnam-era XM3 bipod was a non-folding cloth-pin type that clipped onto the barrel below the front sight and was non-adjustable for height. It was carried in a canvas or nylon case with a zippered pocket on the side for cleaning gear. It was envisioned that every man would be issued one, but it saw little use. The Vietnam-era cleaning kit was also issued in a nylon pouch, usually carried inside the rucksack, containing: sectionalized cleaning rod, slotted patch tip, chamber and bore brushes, 2oz and 4oz bottles of LSA lubricant, small arms ; pipe cleaners for cleaning the gas tube, gas key and other hardto-reach places; and cleaning patches 7.
Many soldiers provided themselves with a toothbrush and shaving brush for effective cleaning. An issue toothbrush-like brush was soon provided with a regular brush head on one end and a small one on the other. From the M16A1 and later fullstock M16s had a butt trap for a cleaning kit. This was contained in an elongated triangular-shaped cloth envelope. The early M11 cleaning rods were three-piece with a knuckled handle end. A new lubricant, CLP cleaner, lubricant, preservative , was introduced in the mids. Almost were sent to Vietnam in March and used by specialist marksmen. It by no means turned the M16 into a sniper rifle. The carrying handle proved to be an inadequate mount for telescopes. com patches or a small rag into the hollow pistol grip, holding them in place with duct tape. LSA bottles were sometimes inserted in helmet camouflage bands. The 6. The M9 multipurpose bayonet system and nylon M10 scabbard were adopted in by the Army and Marines.
Issue began in , but it was years before it replaced the M7, which still remains in use in training units. It was designed to provide a better utility and fighting knife, as well as serve as a wire-cutter via a hole in the blade mating with a lug on the scabbard. It also had a serrated upper blade allowing it to saw wood and cut through aluminum aircraft fuselages. The 7in-blade M9 could be used on M16s and M4s. In the Marines began issuing the USMC multipurpose bayonet with a thermoplastic scabbard. It was based on the K-Bar fighting knife and had no wire-cutting ability.
The Human Engineering Laboratory HEL M4 and SIONICS MAW and E4A were three of many models used in Vietnam along with test models. More recently a number of commercially purchased suppressors have been used. The current standard device is the KAC quickdetachable suppressor offering a decibel sound reduction and 3,round life. It projected a rocket-propelled, spin-stabilized mm 2. The gauge M26 modular accessory shotgun system MASS was introduced in with initial issue in and full issue in This is a straight-pull, bolt-action shotgun with a five-round magazine. The gauge M26 modular accessory shotgun system can be mounted under an M4, as here, or an Mseries rifle.
It is a straight-pull bolt-action breaching shotgun with a fiveround magazine. com The gauge M26 modular accessory shotgun system mounted on an M4 carbine with an ACOG sight was first issued in US Army An M16A1 rifle with a MILES Multiple Integrated Laser Engagement System fitted on the barrel along with a red M15A2 blank firing adapter. These are used during force-onforce training exercises. The sound of a blank firing fires an eye-safe laser. This activates a buzzer and a small flashing light on his left shoulder. The MASS can also be fitted with a standalone M4-style collapsible butt and pistol grip. It weights 2lb 11oz in the under-barrel mode and 4lb 3oz as a standalone. It was several years after the standardization of the XM16E1 before blank ammunition and adapters were available. BFAs are designed so that if ball ammunition is accidently fired it will knock the adapter off without weapon damage or injury to the firer the author has seen this occur.
Plastic muzzle caps black or red keep water, dust, and foreign matter out of the barrel. They can be safely shot through. The M2 practice bolt and carrier replaces the standard assembly to allow the use of M short-range training ammunition on 25m alternate qualification ranges. com plastic bullet with the same dispersion as ball ammunition at short ranges. The M The black nylon plastic cartridge case deflector assembly could be fitted on the right side of the M16A1 to allow left-handed shooters to fire safely. The 5. The cartridge was similar in class to the obsolete. It proved quite popular with varmint hunters and benchrest competitive shooters. Intended to fill the performance gap between the old. It was available in soft-point and hollow-point bullets. In the late s several manufacturers were developing small-caliber cartridges based on the.
The goal was to create a small high-velocity. This could not be achieved by the popular. A longer case was necessary to contain additional propellant. Remington and Springfield Armory developed the. The Springfield project was dropped, but in the cartridge was released commercially as the. At the same time Winchester developed what was known as the. Remington and ArmaLite teamed up to develop a round for the weapon that would become the M16 in What became known as the. Other case dimensions were identical or similar. It was designed as a supplementary military cartridge specifically for the AR rifle and initially had a grain full-metal-jacket bullet. The actual bullet caliber of both the. In Remington introduced its Model boltaction rifle in a wide range of calibers and added the.
With its higher velocity and use by the military, the. Owing to NATO standardization requirements, the military designated the new round the 5. From , when it was adopted by NATO, it became known as the 5. com 51 A comparison of cartridges. For scale, the US 1 cent penny is Left to right: 7. Commercial ammunition can be fired in military weapons, but where military ammunition is fired in commercial weapons slightly higher chamber pressures may develop leading to excessive wear and stress. There have been no reports of weapon damage or injury. The idea for the. They used a. The tests confirmed that the carbine was an underperforming weapon and that the. The conclusion was that the. It was not considered for use as the standard rifle round, as the 7. The first ball round was the M with a grain lead-cored bullet. Besides the previously discussed early ball powder problem, the bullet was simply too light to be truly effective.
It was barely twice the weight of the. A light bullet traveling at a high speed is easily deflected by vegetation and lacks penetration ability. Such a bullet might inflict horrible wounds, but if it is deflected, shattered, or deformed when hitting typical cover materials such as brick walls, logs, board fences, building walls and floors, sandbags, foxhole earth parapets, and so on, it is of little use. com 5. Remarks Ammunition designated below M is first generation for 1-in12in twist rifling while those above M are NATO standard for 1-in-7in twist and in current use. RIGHT Vietnam-era cartons each holding seven round M16A1 magazines, Federal Stock Number The minimal basic load was considered nine magazines, but in combat soldiers frequently carried up to 20 or more. Trey Moore collection a magazine at short range to literally chew through a cinder block.
It required some 35 rounds to shoot a loophole-sized hole through a 12in sand-filled cinder block, while it takes 18 to do the same with 7. There were reports, too, of horrendous wounds, alongside tales of multiple hits failing to stop an enemy. NATO standardized the FN-designed SS ball and L tracer in October STANAG Member countries adapted the designs to their own production requirements and the US designated them M and M, respectively. These rounds were designed to achieve better penetration through helmets and body armor. com 53 long-range performance. The M proved more destructive to tissue at ranges over 45m from the M4 and at over m with the M There were still numerous complaints of inadequate incapacitation after multiple hits.
The bullet was more stable and often failed to yaw or fragment when hitting a limb or lightly built individual, instead passing through the target before yawing occurred. The MA1 enhanced performance round introduced in mid was a two-piece grain bullet. The black-tipped M armor-piercing was introduced in The tungsten penetrator was capable of piercing a 3mm steel helmet at m and up to 0. In search of a better-performing round, special forces adopted the Mk Mod 1 and 2 grain long-range special ball in The Mod 2 bullet added a cannelure for more effective case crimping.
Originally designed for the Mk 12 special purpose rifle, it began to be used by most special forces units. It offered a heavier bullet to improve range, but also fragmented more effectively. This was a high-quality match-grade bullet with an open tip6 optimized for the M4A1. The round did sacrifice penetration as it lacked a steel core. It was also costly. The red helmets were worn by range support personnel — this duty rotated between trainees. com A rifleman collecting spent brass during target practice. A 20× M49 spotting telescope sits to his left. The three-magazine ALICE magazine pouch can be seen on his right hip. Texas Military Forces Museum The Mk Mod 0 enhanced ball appeared in early and was developed by the US Special Operations Command, mainly for the Mk 16 Mod 0 special forces combat assault rifle-light SCAR-L , which required a more accurate bullet for the close-quarter battle version with its It was also effective in the M16 and M4.
It used a grain opentip match bullet also known as the Special Operations Science and Technology SOST round. It had a lead core forward and the rear half of the bullet was solid copper to serve as a penetrator. In members of the 5th Special Forces Group and the Army Marksmanship Unit developed the 6. The 43mm-long case was slightly shorter than the 5. This proved to be a very accurate and potent cartridge, bridging the gap between the 5. New upper receivers, barrels, and modified bolts could be fitted to M4A1 and Mk 12 lower receivers. It required special round magazines, but they fit the existing magazine well. From 6. The tiny indentation on the tip does not pierce the jacket or extend into the core.
The open-tip helps stabilize the bullet 7 Sometimes called the 6. com 55 USE Vietnam, Iraq, and beyond FIRING THE M16 56 Firing the M16 is straightforward and simple. Magazines are typically loaded one or two rounds fewer than their rated capacity. With the selector lever set on Safe, the user inserts the magazine into the well until the catch clicks, slaps the bottom, and tugs down on it to ensure the catch holds. To load the weapon the charging handle is pulled rearward and released to chamber a round as the bolt runs forward. If time permits, the charging handle can be pulled slightly to the rear, enough to confirm that a round is in the chamber.
The user should not pull it too far back or the round may be ejected or result in a double-feed. The forward assist device is tapped with the heel of the hand ensuring positive locking and the ejection port cover is closed if the weapon is not to be fired immediately. To fire, the selector lever on the left side is moved to the Semi-Auto, Burst or Full-Auto position as appropriate. com often discouraged as it can put unnecessary pressure on the magazine. There are so many different types of sights that the sight picture is not discussed here the standard iron sights are assumed. After the range has been set, the front post sight is centered on the target and aligned with and centered in the rear peep sight.
A complaint with iron sights is that they are high, 2. This creates a parallax difference in sight and bore alignment within 15—20m, requiring the shooter to aim a bit higher to hit a precise point. Of course in combat conditions on a man-sized target this is a moot point. A more serious complaint is that the shortest range setting is m and most combat shooting takes place at much closer ranges. With the target in the sight the trigger is squeezed gently, not jerked, even on full-automatic. Single shots or fullautomatic bursts are repeated as necessary. Recoil is very light. Some instructors have emphasized this by firing it with the butt in their crotch.
When the magazine is empty the bolt will remain open. The magazine is ejected and replaced and the bolt release lever on the right side is pressed to allow it to run forward to chamber a round. The forward assist is slapped and the weapon is ready to fire. In the event of a stoppage a standard immediate action drill is applied to reduce the stoppage. The key word S P O R T S helps the firer remember the steps in order: 1. Slap gently upward on the magazine to ensure that it is fully seated, and that the magazine follower is not jammed. Pull the charging handle fully to the rear. Observe for the ejection of a live round or expended cartridge. If the weapon fails to eject a cartridge, perform remedial action. Release the charging handle do not ride it forward. Tap the forward assist assembly to ensure bolt closure.
Squeeze the trigger and try to fire the rifle. A US Navy Mobile Riverine Force sailor fires an early production XM16E1 into riverbank foliage where VC movement was spotted, Mekong Delta, Note the lack of a forward assist device. Prior to riverine assault and support craft of the MRF were armed with Mk 1 Mod 2 rifles — M1 Garands converted to 7. com 57 OPPOSITE 1. This recreation demonstrates the ease with which an M16A1 rifle could be carried simply by placing the magazine between an ammunition pouch and a canteen carrier — or between two ammunition pouches — and holding it in place by the natural hang of the right arm.
It could be brought to the firing position in a second. For this reason many men removed the sling altogether. In theory every rifleman was to be issued a bipod, which was carried in a canvas or nylon case with cleaning gear there was no butt trap for cleaning gear on earlyproduction M16A1s and earlier models. In practice very few used the cumbersome bipods. They were extremely prone to snagging in brush. This demonstrates the actions taken by a rifleman with an expended case jammed in the chamber. He had to pull out the upper-receiver rear retaining pin which remained attached , open the receiver, pull back the operating handle, remove it and the bolt carrier, insert a cleaning rod which had to be screwed together , punch out the stuck case, and reassemble the weapon.
The T-shaped operating handle can be seen under the magazine and the bolt carrier is beside the LSA bottle. It was very easy to lose the operating handle. The XM3 bipod and cleaning gear case can be seen above the magazine. The user first tries to place the weapon on Safe, remove the magazine, and lock the bolt to the rear. Then the weapon may be disassembled and examined to determine the malfunction. These include failure to: feed, chamber, or lock; fire the cartridge; extract; or eject. To clear the weapon it is kept on Safe, the magazine is ejected, the charging handle is pulled to the rear to eject the chambered round which is reinserted in the magazine , the ejection port cover is closed, and it is verified that the weapon is on Safe. This applies to any extremely light weapon. The M16A2 and subsequent models have a somewhat more solid feel to them, but nothing approaching earlier battle rifles like the M1, M14, FAL, etc. There are pros and cons in regards to full-automatic versus three-round controlled bursts.
The burst-control prevents ammunition wastage and is regarded as more accurate. There are situations in which full-auto is desirable, but these occur at close ranges and seldom are long bursts necessary. One instance in which it is desirable is the special forces practice in which a small team is engaged by a superior enemy force. To break contact the pointman empties his weapon in one full-automatic burst and rushes to the rear with the man behind him doing the same and so on until the enemy has had enough or the team outdistances them. The author tested this by firing five or six bursts from a round magazine at a standard silhouette target at 50m. Only the first one or two rounds of each burst hit the target while the others zipped overhead. He next fired 30 rounds at another target in semiautomatic as fast as he could pull the trigger. The target was hit 28 times in a not much longer timespan than on full-automatic.
The point is, it is hits that defeat the enemy, not who can make the most noise and clip the most tree limbs. Stoppages may also double with prolonged full-auto fire. The integral carrying handle seemed like a good idea. Besides handily carrying the weapon, it served as a mount for the rear sight and protected it as well. Its rail had a hole in its center to mount a telescope or night vision sight. There were occasions when slingless rifles were attached to web gear by a snaplink through the carrying handle: for example, when being rope-extracted by helicopter or crossing rope bridges. A problem arose with prolonged rapid fire when heat transferred from the receiver to the carrying handle. This affected the rear sight and any attached telescope, and could burn the hand. Handle-carrying also reduced reaction time. It was preferred to carry the rifle at the ready at all times in the field.
Some units prohibited carrying the weapon by the handle. In Vietnam replacement troops were typically issued a used M16 and a stack of magazines. They usually had an opportunity to zero the weapon, but had little or no practice firing. This varied greatly by unit. Benefiting from Special Forces weapons training and having more leeway than an infantryman, he was able to undertake more effective preparation than most troops were afforded. He was issued a new M16A1 and two cartons of seven round magazines at the C-team company HQ. At the B-team he drew ammunition and scrounged more magazines. He removed the sling swivels. At his A-team camp he was able to fire it for the first time, first disassembling it to clean and lubricate it by the book. He then fired rounds at stumps and logs, anything man-sized, at different ranges.
After cleaning it he zero-fired it followed by another rounds, thoroughly cleaned it, and put in a new extractor spring. The magazines were cleaned and reloaded with 19 rounds with the third to the last a tracer to signal the magazine was near empty. Contrary to warnings, there is little chance of this alerting the enemy when numerous troops on both sides are firing. A Texas National Guardsman rappels down a Ft Hood, Texas cliff side with an M16A1 rifle slung cross-shoulder in the early s. com 59 A French commando of the Bayonne-based 1st Marine Infantry Parachute Regiment 1er Régiment de Parachutistes d'Infanterie de Marine — 1er RPIMa , He is armed with an M4 carbine mounting an MA1 grenade launcher. Note the weapon has been camouflage-painted, an increasingly common practice. However, certain components should not be painted: barrels paint burns off , sights can hamper adjustments , and magazines prevents proper seating. The black rifle contrasts deeply in forests, deserts, and mountains.
Black is not a naturally occurring color. In the s some units spray-painted rifles for camouflage. After several days of monsoon rains, during an engagement he was unable to move the selector lever from Safe. He ejected the magazine and used it to hammer the lever to Semi-auto. After the shootout, with a few drops of LSA and switching it back and forth it worked fine.
Home Add Document Sign In Register. Osprey - Weapon 14 - The M16 Home Osprey - Weapon 14 - The M THE M16 GORDON L. com GORDON L. Download PDF. com THE M16 GORDON L. He is armed with an M4A1 carbine, the fullautomatic version of the M4, used by special operations forces. The M4 is instead capable of three-round bursts. This revolutionary weapon was made of lightweight materials — special aluminum and plastics — not previously used in weapons except on a limited experimental basis. Its design, too, was new, although features were borrowed from earlier weapons. In the M16 began to be issued to other Army and Marine units in Vietnam to provide a lighter and easier-to-use weapon than the heavy 7. Its use spread, and through the early s it was issued throughout the Army and Marine Corps to be used worldwide. A number of variants, including submachine-gun and carbine versions, were also fielded. The M16 and its variants have been used by almost 70 countries, either as a standard shoulder arm, to supplement regular arms, or as special purpose weapons.
It is now among the most-used combat cartridges in the world. Over 8,, M16s and variants have been built and production continues. Searches are under way to find a replacement weapon and have been for many years. While it is riddled with problems, potential replacements to date have not demonstrated sufficient benefits to warrant the excessive cost of replacement; it is currently widely used and will remain in production for some time. It can be expected to stay in use for at least another two decades even if a replacement is adopted in the coming years. Taking into account its modern variants, the M16 rifle family is the longest-serving rifle in the US armed forces, 49 years at the time of writing.
The 7. The M14, while an effective weapon, was really not much of an improvement over the Garand. The M14 was about 2in longer, 0. Technically the M14 was selective fire — semi- and full-automatic — but standard rifles had a selector lock preventing full-automatic fire. The automatic rifle version of the M14, the M15 with a heavier barrel, bipod, shoulder rest, and selective fire, was standardized, but never went into production owing to a cost-cutting measure. Instead, standard lightbarrel M14s with M2 bipods and the selector lock removed would replace the BAR. Submachine guns Thompsons and grease guns had been largely replaced by the selective-fire M2 carbine at the end of World War II.
However, grease guns remained in use as on-board equipment for tanks 1 6 Development of the M14E2 began in It was first issued in and redesignated the M14A1 in com into the s when they were finally replaced by the M4 carbine, a variant of the M16A2. Besides M1 rifles, M2 carbines and BARs also remained in use by National Guard and Reserve units into the s. Carbines were also used by Army Special Forces and US Air Force Security Police. The latter guarded Strategic Air Command SAC nuclear weapons and both organizations considered the aging carbines to be short-ranged and underpowered. The M2 carbine did have one benefit for the SAC guards; it would not do much damage to parked aircraft.
It fired the small. Both Army Special Forces and the Air Force were looking for a new lightweight weapon. The Air Force was the only service not to adopt the M One weapon of interest was offered by a new arms company, the ArmaLite Corporation, whose AR rifle fired an unusual little. The story of the eventual procurement and standardization of the M16 was steeped in inter-service conflict, rivalries, politics, gamesmanship, and simple ineptitude. This study focuses on the US military models: the M16, XM16E1, XME1, XME2, M16A1, M16A2, M16A3, M16A4, M4, M4A1, and Mk The scores of civilian, law-enforcement, foreign derivatives, and developmental models, and the many commercially made accessories, are not addressed here. In October the ArmaLite Division of the Fairchild Engine and Airplane Corporation was created with George Sullivan as president, Charles Dorchester as plant manager, and Eugene Stoner as chief engineer.
Throughout Stoner filed patent applications for design features that would be incorporated into the AR and AR Stoner was mainly interested in developing a 7. It is fitted with an XM3 cloth-pin bipod. This type of bipod clipped on and was non-folding. com 7 The 5. Darkhelmet 8 less than 6lb and a round magazine. It was to have at least the wounding capability of the. The first specification called for a yard effective range; this was raised to yards and then yards. The design would require a great deal of tweaking over the coming years. The president of Fairchild accompanied the SAC commander on an African hunting safari in and there is little doubt that a pitch was made for the AR In May Stoner demonstrated the AR at the Infantry School, Ft Benning, Georgia. This was just days after the Army formally adopted the M Ten AR rifles in.
The Ordnance. The AR experienced 6. The Infantry Board assessed that both the AR and the Winchester were potential replacements for the M14 and, if fitted with a shoulder rest and a bipod, could replace the M15 automatic rifle. It was suggested that a soldier with a. However, even then it was realized that the smallcaliber round lacked the penetration of the 7. There were also problems with water retention in the small bore resulting in burst barrels as well as positional disclosing issues owing to muzzle flash. In August the Infantry Board found that further development was necessary for both weapons. Winchester, however, opted out of further trials. Through early there was a great deal of debate on the future of the AR with some urging further testing as a replacement for the M14 which had not yet entered production , others recommending that testing cease, and still others recommending that it no longer be considered as a replacement for the 7.
Colt began marketing the rifles; it found little interest in the AR, but small numbers of ARs were ordered by Australia, Burma, India, Malaya, and Singapore. com Eugene M. Stoner — father of the M16 Although it saw combat testing in Vietnam, it was never adopted Eugene Stoner was born in Gosport, Indiana, on November 22, as the M16A1 was already undergoing wide distribution. Stoner His family soon moved to Long Beach, California, where he had defeated his new design with an earlier one, the M Stoner graduated from the Long Beach Polytechnical High School. In the later undertook developmental work for TRW on the 25mm M Depression years there was no money for him to attend college Bushmaster automatic cannon used on Bradley fighting vehicles. for the engineering degree he desired. In his first job was In Stoner co-founded ARES, Incorporated in Port Clinton, installing aircraft armament for Vega Aircraft Company on Ohio, where he designed the Ares machine gun and the Future Hudson bombers.
Stoner served in the Marine Corps as an Assault Rifle System. In Eugene Stoner was inducted into enlisted aviation ordnance technician working on large-caliber the US Army Ordnance Corps Hall of Fame. Leaving ARES in , automatic weapons. Titusville, Florida the following year. It was there that he In , Stoner went to work for the Whittaker Corporation, an developed the Stoner 96 weapon system and the. During armed forces as the Mk 11 Mod 0. That same year Stoner met his this period he was independently working on small-arms designs. Russian counterpart, Mikhail Kalashnikov — , designer of the In he was hired as chief engineer for the new ArmaLite notorious AK, a weapon usually on the other side of the front Division of the Fairchild Engine and Airplane Corporation in line facing the M16 and the most prodigiously produced assault Hollywood, California.
The meeting was arranged by Edward Ezell, weapons using the latest technological advances in aircraft alloys small-arms curator of the Smithsonian Institution, and the and plastics. Stoner designed the AR survival rifle, these were not commercially successful designs, It is estimated that Stoner received approximately one dollar in but were noteworthy in their developmental advancement. Of royalties for each M16 produced. When he came up with combat rifle and 5. Eugene Stoner died in Palm City, Florida, on April 24, and In the AR was licensed to Colt Firearms leaving the AR-7 was survived by his second wife and four children. In the survival rifle, with limited sales, as the only weapon the company Marine Corps established the Stoner Award for Acquisition had in production.
Stoner left ArmaLite and signed on with Colt Excellence and Innovation to be awarded annually to Marine as a consultant in equipment to the operating forces. Combat Development Experimentation Center released a report stating that a 5—7-man squad with ARs could theoretically hit more targets than an man squad armed with M14s. In July the AR was demonstrated and fired by Air Force General Curtis LeMay. He promised to recommend it as a replacement for the M2 carbine. Testing of ten rifles was conducted through the summer of Additional Army Ordnance testing was undertaken and the improved ARs suffered only 2.
Colt made major efforts to market the AR and receive some form of US armed forces adoption; this would allow foreign countries receiving US military aid to use US funding to purchase ARs. com 9 Texas National Guardsmen in the early s cleaning their recently issued M16A1 rifles at Ft Hood, Texas. National Guard and Reserve units transitioned from M1 rifles to M16A1s and never received M14 rifles. Texas Military Forces Museum 10 to conduct further trials.
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Initially only 20round staggered-row box magazines were available. The 40mm M grenade launcher seen here is mounted on the M4 carbine; it can also be mounted on the M16A4, but M4s tend to be used with grenade launchers owing to their lighter weight. The TA had a revised DTG mm main armament that featured stabilization in the vertical axis with the STP-1 Gorizont or Horizon system. Combat Development Experimentation Center released a report stating that a 5—7-man squad with ARs could theoretically hit more targets than an man squad armed with M14s. Yom Kippur was the day chosen for the simultaneous offensive by Egypt and Syria against Israel. Operation Enduring Freedom, previous pages The US Marine Corps in Afghanistan and Iraq are armed with the M16A4 rifle and M4 carbine.
For the first time this allowed the tank to fire on the move with both the gunner and commander having full control in this mode, osprey pdf free download. It was also sold to the Philippines and Thailand. This allowed night vision and optical sights to be fitted to receiver-top tactical rails. M16A1 issue to Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos, Indonesia, and Jordan continued or was initiated and deliveries continued through The army was my home. Grenadiers generally osprey pdf free download less rifle ammunition than other troops as their primary weapon was the grenade launcher. In M16A1s began to be delivered to National Guard units and issue continued through
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